Climate change resulting from global warming is one of the most pressing environmental challenges worldwide, exerting profound and far-reaching impacts on various economic sectors, particularly agriculture. These impacts are especially evident in developing countries, where a large proportion of the population depends on agriculture for their livelihoods. Consequently, climate change poses a serious threat to food security, employment, and sustainable development. Therefore, this study investigates the effect of temperature change on the competitiveness of agricultural products in D8 member countries. To this end, a panel data approach was employed. The required data and information were collected for the period 1996–2023. The results reveal that increases in temperature and exchange rate have a negative and significant impact on the competitiveness of agricultural products, whereas good governance and the expansion of irrigated land exert a positive and significant influence. These findings highlight that, in order to sustain and enhance agricultural competitiveness, priority should be given to developing climate adaptation policies, ensuring sustainable exchange rate management, improving governance, and expanding irrigation infrastructure. Such strategies can contribute to preserving and strengthening agricultural competitiveness among D8 member countries, thereby fostering sustainable development and improving economic welfare in the region.