Journal of Agricultural Meteorology

Journal of Agricultural Meteorology

Effects of Urban Development on Plant Phenology: Urban-Rural Gradient Analysis in Urmia City

Document Type : Original Article

Authors
1 Department of Water Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
2 Department of Water Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Urmia University, Urmia, IRAN.
Abstract
In this study, temporal and spatial changes in vegetation phenology in Urmia city were investigated. For this purpose, a circle with a radius of 18 km from the city center was chosen as the study area. This area was divided into 9 concentric circles using concentric circles to the center of the Ayalat square in the center of the city, and the phenological response to urban development was investigated along an urban-rural gradient. For this purpose, the land cover type product (MCD12Q1) and the vegetation phenology products (MCD12Q2) of the MODIS sensor were used for the period 2001 to 2022. The results of this study showed that in the case of grasslands, the starting of the growing season (SOS) had a significant decreasing trend (-0.67 day year-1), but the end of the growing season (EOS) and the the growing season length (GSL) did not show a significant trend. Also, in the case of croplands, the starting of the growing season did not show a significant trend. But the end of the growing season (0.68 day year-1) and the growing season length (1.09 day year-1) showed a significant increase. In the case of grasslands, the circles near the city had an earlier start of the growing season and a longer growing season than the circles further away from the city. Also, the results of the present study showed completely different behavior of grasslands and croplands in terms of the behavior of phenology parameters in the urban-rural gradient. The response of EOS and GSL at distances less than 12 km to city center was different from that at distances greater than 12 km, which may be due to the dominance of the effects of other heat or cold islands (such as the lake effect) over the effects of urban heat islands at distances farther than 12 km.
Keywords
Subjects

Abbasnezhad Alchin, A., Darvishsefat, A. A., Nasiri, V.,  Socha, J. 2024. Trend analysis of greening and browning in Hyrcanian forests and their responses to climate change. Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment, 38(10), 4069-4083.##Abedini, A., Mosayebzade, A., Shokrani, M. 2015. Urban Physical Development of Urmia City by Quantitative Models. Human Geography Research, 47(3), 411-422. (In Farsi)##Alpert, P., Kishcha, P., Kaufman, Y.J. and Schwarzbard, R. 2005. Global Dimming or Local Dimming? Effect of Urbanization on Sunlight Availability, Geophysical Research Letters, 32 (17). ##Belward, A.S., Estes, J.E., Kline, K.D. 1999. The IGBP-DIS global 1-km land-cover data set DISCover, A project overview.##Bonan, G.B., Levis, S., Kergoat, L. Oleson, K.W. 2002. Landscapes as patches of plant functional types, An integrating concept for climate and ecosystem models. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 16(2), 5-1.##Bounoua, L., Zhang, P., Mostovoy, G., Thome, K., Masek, J., Imhoff, M., Shepherd, M., Quattrochi, D., Santanello, J., Silva, J. Wolfe, R. 2015. Impact of urbanization on US surface climate. Environmental Research Letters, 10, 084010.##Di Gregorio, A. 2005. Land cover classification system, classification concepts and user manual, LCCS (Vol. 2). Food  Agriculture Org.##Gray, J., Sulla-Menashe, D., Friedl, M. A. 2019. User guide to collection 6 modis land cover dynamics (mcd12q2) product. NASA EOSDIS Land Processes DAAC, Missoula, MT, USA, 6, 1-8.##Hansen, M.C., DeFries, R.S., Townshend, J.R. and Sohlberg, R. 2000. Global land cover classification at 1 km spatial resolution using a classification tree approach. International journal of remote sensing, 21(6-7), 1331-1364.##Jia, W., Zhao, S., Zhang, X., Liu, S., Henebry, G.M., Liu, L. 2021. Urbanization imprint on land surface phenology, the urban–rural gradient analysis for Chinese cities. Global Change Biology, 27, 2895–2904.##Kaye, J.P., Groffman, P.M., Grimm, N.B., Baker, L.A., Pouyat, R.V. 2006. A distinct urban biogeochemistry? Trends in Ecology  Evolution, 21, 192-199.##Kendall, M.G. 1948. Continuation of Dr Jones's paper. Biometrika, 35(3/4), 291-296.##Khalili, A. , Bazrafshan, J. Cheraghalizadeh, M. 2022. A Comparative study on climate maps of Iran in extended de Martonne classification and application of the method for world climate zoning. Journal of Agricultural Meteorology, 10(1), 3-16. (In Farsi)##Khanduri, V., Sharma, C., Singh, S. 2008. The effects of climate change on plant phenology. Environmentalist, 28, 143–147.##Kiapasha, K., Darvishsefat, A. A., Julien, Y., Sobrino, J. A., Zargham, N., Attarod, P., Schaepman, M. E. 2017. Trends in phenological parameters and relationship between land surface phenology and climate data in the Hyrcanian Forests of Iran. IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing, 10(11), 4961-4970.##Li, X., Zhou, Y., Asrar, G.R., Mao, J., Li, X., Li, W. 2017. Response of vegetation phenology to urbanization in the conterminous United States. Global Change Biology, 23, 2818–2830.##Liang, S., Shi, P., Li, H. 2016. Urban spring phenology in the middle temperate zone of China, dynamics and influence factors. International Journal of Biometeorology, 60, 531–544.##Liu, Z., Zhou, Y., Feng, Z. 2023. Response of vegetation phenology to urbanization in urban agglomeration areas, A dynamic urban–rural gradient perspective. Science of The Total Environment, 864, 161109.##Loveland, T.R., Belward, A.S. 1997. The international geosphere biosphere programme data and information system global land cover data set (DISCover). Acta Astronautica, 41(4-10), 681-689.##Mann, H.B. 1945. Nonparametric tests against trend. Econometrica, Journal of the econometric society, 245-259.##Myneni, R.B., Hoffman, S., Knyazikhin, Y., Privette, J.L., Glassy, J., Tian, Y., Wang, Y., Song, X., Zhang, Y., Smith, G.R. Lotsch, A. 2002. Global products of vegetation leaf area and fraction absorbed PAR from year one of MODIS data. Remote sensing of environment, 83(1-2), 214-231.##Najafi, Z. , Darvishsefat, A. , Fatehi, P. and Attarod, P. 2020. Time series analysis of vegetation dynamic trend using Landsat data in Tehran Megacity. Iranian Journal of Forest, 12(2), 257-270. (In Farsi)##Neil, K. L., Landrum, L., Wu, J. 2010. Effects of Urbanization on Flowering Phenology in the Metropolitan Phoenix Region of USA, Findings from Herbarium Records. Journal of Arid Environments, 74 (4), 440–444. ##Oke, T. R. 2002. Boundary Layer Climates. Routledge.##Piao, S., Liu, Q., Chen, A., Janssens, I.A., Fu, Y., Dai, J., Liu, L., Lian, X., Shen, M., Zhu, X. 2019. Plant phenology and global climate change, current progresses and challenges. Global Change Biology, 25 (6), 1922–1940.##Pickett, S.T., Cadenasso, M.L., Grove, J.M., Boone, C.G., Groffman, P.M., Irwin, E., Kaushal, S.S., Marshall, V., McGrath, B.P., Nilon, C.H. and Pouyat, R.V. 2011. Urban ecological systems, scientific foundations and a decade of progress. Journal of environmental management, 92(3), 331–362.##Purdy, L. M., Sang, Z., Beaubien, E., Hamann, A. 2023. Validating remotely sensed land surface phenology with leaf out records from a citizen science network. International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation, 116, 103148.##Rahman, M. A., Armson, D., Ennos, A. R. 2014. Effect of Urbanization and Climate Change in the Rooting Zone on the Growth and Physiology of Pyrus Calleryana. Urban Forestry  Urban Greening, 13 (2), 325–335. ##Richardson, A.D., Hollinger, D.Y., Dail, D.B., Lee, J.T., Munger, J.W., O’keefe, J. 2009. Influence of spring phenology on seasonal and annual carbon balance in two contrasting New England forests. Tree Physiol, 29, 321–331.##Richardson, A.D., Hufkens, K., Milliman, T., Aubrecht, D.M., Furze, M.E., Seyednasrollah, B., Krassovski, M.B., Latimer, J.M., Nettles, W.R., Heiderman, R.R., Warren, J.M. 2018. Ecosystem Warming Extends Vegetation Activity but Heightens Vulnerability to Cold Temperatures. Nature, 560 (7718), 368–371.##Roetzer, T., Wittenzeller, M., Haeckel, H. Nekovar, J. 2000. Phenology in Central Europe - Differences and Trends of Spring Phenophases in Urban and Rural Areas. International Journal of Biometeorology, 44 (2), 60–66. ##Running, S.W., Nemani, R.R., Heinsch, F.A., Zhao, M., Reeves, M. Hashimoto, H. 2004. A continuous satellite-derived measure of global terrestrial primary production. Bioscience, 54(6), 547-560.##Saatloo, S. M. E., Siosemarde, M., Hosseini, S. A.,  Rezaei, H. 2020. Variability assessment of simulated recharge resulted from precipitation using different GCMs, case study, west shore of Lake Urmia, Iran. Arabian Journal of Geosciences, 13, 1-17.##Sen, P. K. 1968. Estimates of the regression coefficient based on Kendall's tau. Journal of the American statistical association, 63(324), 1379-1389.##Shen, M., Tang, Y., Chen, J., Zhu, X., Zheng, Y. 2011. Influences of temperature and precipitation before the growing season on spring phenology in grasslands of the central and eastern Qinghai-tibetan plateau. Agriculture and Forest Meteorology, 151, 1711–1722.##Stewart, I.D., Oke, T.R. 2012. Local climate zones for urban temperature studies. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 93(12), 1879-1900.##Sulla-Menashe, D., Friedl, M.A., Krankina, O.N., Baccini, A., Woodcock, C.E., Sibley, A., Sun, G., Kharuk, V. Elsakov, V. 2011. Hierarchical mapping of Northern Eurasian land cover using MODIS data. Remote Sensing of Environment, 115(2), 392-403.##Walker, J., De Beurs, K., Henebry, G. 2015. Land surface phenology along urban to rural gradients in the US Great Plains. Remote Sensing of Environment, 165, 42–52.##Wang, F., Chen, S., Yi, Q., Peng, D., Yao, X., Xu, T., Zheng, J., Li, J. 2022. Characterizing Spatial Patterns of the Response Rate of Vegetation Green-Up Dates to Land Surface Temperature in Beijing, China (2001–2019). Remote Sensing, 14(12), 2788.##White, M. A., Nemani, R. R., Thornton, P. E.,  Running, S. W. 2002. Satellite Evidence of Phenological Differences between Urbanized and Rural Areas of the Eastern United States Deciduous Broadleaf Forest. Ecosystems, 5 (3), 260–273. ##Yang, J., Luo, X., Jin, C., Xiao, X., Xia, J.C. 2020. Spatiotemporal patterns of vegetation phenology along the urban–rural gradient in Coastal Dalian, China. Urban Forestry  Urban Greening, 54, 126784.##Yin, P., Li, X., Mao, J., Johnson, B.A., Wang, B. Huang, J. 2023. A comprehensive analysis of the crop effect on the urban-rural differences in land surface phenology. Science of The Total Environment, 861, 160604.##Zhang, D.L., Shou, Y.X., Dickerson, R.R. 2009. Upstream urbanization exacerbates urban heat island effects. Geophysical Research Letters, 36 (24).##Zhao, C., Weng, Q., Wang, Y., Hu, Z., Wu, C. 2022. Use of local climate zones to assess the spatiotemporal variations of urban vegetation phenology in Austin, Texas, USA. GI Science Remote Sensing, 59(1), 393-409.##Zhao, S., Liu, S., Zhou, D. 2016. Prevalent vegetation growth enhancement in urban environment. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 113, 6313–6318.##Zhou, D., Zhao, S., Zhang, L. Liu, S. 2016. Remotely Sensed Assessment of Urbanization Effects on Vegetation Phenology in China’s 32 Major Cities. Remote Sensing of Environment, 176, 272–281.##